对2019年的总结，全球各大词典的
11月20日，在《牛津英语词典》公布了其年度词汇：
Oxford Dictionaries has declared “climate emergency” the word of the year for 2019, following a hundred-fold increase in usage that it says demonstrated a “greater immediacy” in the way we talk about the climate.
近日，《牛津词典》公布了2019年度词汇——“气候紧急状态”，这一词汇的使用率在2019年增加了100倍。据称，当人们谈论气候问题时，使用这个词会“更加突出危机感”。
Climate emergency的意思是：
a situation in which urgent action is required to reduce or halt climate change and avoid potentially irreversible environmental damage resulting from it
需要采取紧急行动以减少或阻止气候变化，并避免由此造成的不可逆转的环境破坏。
《牛津词典》出版方称，与气候相关的词语已然从不太为人所知，到引人注目，备受争议：
the words soared from “relative obscurity” to “one of the most prominent – and prominently debated – terms of 2019.”
这些词在2019年从“相对不为人知”转变为“2019年最引人注目、备受争议的词汇之一”。
根据《牛津词典》的数据，“气候紧急状态”一词的使用率飙升了10
In 2019, “climate” became the most common word associated with “emergency”, three times more than “health emergency” in second.
2019年，“气候”成为与“紧急状态”相关的最常见词汇，比使用率位居第二的“卫生紧急状态”多三倍。
In May, the Guardian updated its style guide to clarify that “climate emergency” or “global heating” would be favoured over “climate change” or “global warming” – to better reflect the scientific consensus that this was “a catastrophe for humanity”.
今年5月，《卫报》更新了其风格指南，表明“气候紧急状态”或“全球变热”的使用将优先于“气候变化”或“全球变暖”，以更好地反映科学共识，即这是“人类的灾难”。
2019年，包括苏格兰、英国、加拿大、法国在内的国家以及澳大利也悉尼等数百个城镇也宣布进入“气候紧急状态”。在11月，在一份报告里，全球150多个国家的1100名科学家正式声明：世界进入到了“气候紧急状态”。
报告的撰写人之一，澳大利亚悉尼大学的托马斯·纽桑姆表示：
科学家有道义上的责任，对任何对人类有重大威胁的事情提出警告。从我们拥有的数据来看，我们显然将面临气候紧急状态。
“Scientists have a moral obligation to warn humanity of any great threat,” said Thomas Newsome of the University of Sydney, one of the report"s authors, in a statement. “From the data we have, it is clear we are facing a climate emergency.”
对于这种情况，《牛津词典》评选委员会表示：
In 2018, climate did not feature in the top words typically used to modify emergency, instead the top types of emergencies people wrote about were health, hospital, and family emergencies,” the selection panel said. "But with climate emergency, we see something new, an extension of emergency to the global level.
在2018年，气候并不是最常用来修饰紧急状况的词，人们写的最常见的紧急情况是卫生、医院和家庭紧急情况。但从气候紧急状态的使用率上升可以看出，气候变化已经扩大成为全球层面的紧急问题。
《牛津英语词典》编辑Katherine Connor Martin则对《纽约时报》表示
When we were looking through the evidence, it was just clear that issues relating to the climate were running through all the different lexical items we were working with. It reflects it was a real preoccupation of the English-speaking world in 2019.
我们仔细查看了所有收集到的证据，显然，这些与气候相关的事件都与我们正在着手选择的各个词有关联。这种现象反映了一个问题，即2019年的英语世界里，这是一个真正令人侧目的现象。
对于这个年度词汇，牛津出版社的发言人的解释则更为直接：
In 2019, climate emergency surpassed all of those other types of emergency to become the most written about emergency by a huge margin, with over three times the usage frequency of health, the second-ranking word.
在2019年，“climate emergency”超过了其他所有类型的紧急状况，成为出现次数最多的一个词，并领先地特别大，是位居次席的“紧急健康状况”一词的三倍以上。
从以往的年度的词汇可以看出，《牛津词典》在选择年度词汇时，关注的主要要是这些词“反映过去一年的社会思潮、气氛或关注点”，并且应该“具有持久的文化意义（reflect the ethos, mood, or preoccupations of the passing year” and should have “lasting potential as a term of cultural significanc）”。
不过，与环境有关的词汇并不是第一次成为牛津词典年度词汇。在2007看，“carbon footprint”就在牛津词典英国年度词汇表上拔得头筹，而此前一年，2006年的美国版里，"carbon-neutral"成为第一。
以下是2019年《牛津英语词典》年度词汇入选名词（shortlist）：
Climate action/气候行动
Actions taken by an inpidual, organization, or government to reduce or counteract the emission of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, in order to limit the effect of global warming on the earth’s climate
Climate crisis/气候危机
A situation characterized by the threat of highly dangerous, irreversible changes to the global climate
Climate denial/气候否认
The rejection of the proposition that climate change caused by human activity is occurring or that it constitutes a significant threat to human welfare and civilisation
Eco-anxiety/气候焦虑
Extreme worry about current and future harm to the environment caused by human activity and climate change
Ecocide/气候杀戮
Destruction of the natural environment by deliberate or negligent human action
Extinction/物种灭绝
The fact or process of a species, family, or other group of animals or plants becoming extinct
Flight shame/飞行耻辱
A reluctance to travel by air, or discomfort at doing so, because of the damaging emission of greenhouse gases and other pollutants by aircraft
Global heating/全球热化
A term adopted in place of ‘global warming’ to convey the seriousness of changes in the climate caused by human activity and the urgent need to address it
Net-zero/净零碳
A target of completely negating the amount of greenhouse gases produced by human activity, to be achieved by reducing emissions and implementing methods of absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
Plant-based/种植物的
(Of food or a diet) consisting largely of vegetables, grains, pulses, or other foods derived from plants, rather than animal products
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